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Below some new hormone and peptides available.
Kisspeptin, made in the hypothalamus, is an important hormone that starts the release of several other hormones. Also called metastin, this interesting hormone is connected to puberty and may also help stop the spread of cancer.
Kisspeptins are proteins encoded by the KISS1 gene in humans. Kisspeptins are ligands of the G-protein coupled receptor, GPR54. Kiss1 was originally identified as a human metastasis suppressor gene that has the ability to suppress melanoma and breast cancer metastasis.
Conclusions: Kisspeptin-10 boluses potently evoke LH secretion in men, and continuous infusion increases testosterone, LH pulse frequency, and pulse size. Kisspeptin analogues have therapeutic potential as regulators of LH and thus testosterone secretion.
Kisspeptin describes a family of peptide hormones of varying amino acid length cleaved from the product of the KISS1 gene in primates (including humans) and the Kiss1 gene in non-primates. … Therefore, kisspeptin and its cognate receptor are obligate for successful reproduction.
Kisspeptin administration significantly increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated testosterone levels in acycline treated monkeys compared to hCG treatment alone (17) suggesting that kisspeptin might enhance LH responses in Leydig cells.
Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide is a polypeptide that is primarily stored in the lysosomes of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes; in humans, the CAMP gene encodes the peptide precursor CAP-18, which is processed by proteinase 3-mediated extracellular cleavage into the active form LL-37.
LL-37 has been shown to be bactericidal against a wide variety of microorganisms, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to antimicrobial effects, LL-37 has many other biological functions. For instance, LL-37 is chemotactic for mast cells, neutrophils, monocytes, and T cells.
Cathelicidins are host defense peptides with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. These effector molecules of the innate immune system of many vertebrates are diverse in their amino acid sequence but share physicochemical characteristics like positive charge and amphipathicity.
Activation of caspases 3 and 8 and induction of apoptosis in neutrophils is inhibited by LL-37. Higher doses of this peptide induce necrotic cell death in neutrophils, possibly secondary to overcoming inhibitory effects of membrane cholesterol on LL-37 pore forming abilities.
LL-37 is reported as a safe agent for clinical use as it successfully showed promotion of wound healing in hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers during short-term treatment.
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity
Obesity is a global health challenge with few pharmacologic options. Whether adults with obesity can achieve weight loss with once-weekly semaglutide at a dose of 2.4 mg as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention has not been confirmed.
Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 receptor agonist) also known as incretin mimetics. It works by increasing insulin release from the pancreas and decreases excessive glucagon release
Liraglutide, combined with lifestyle counseling, produces a clinically significant and sustained weight loss that continues as long as it is used. Nausea and vomiting, however, are common adverse effects, and about one in 10 patients will discontinue treatment.
It works by helping the pancreas to release the right amount of insulin when blood sugar levels are high. Insulin helps move sugar from the blood into other body tissues where it is used for energy. Liraglutide injection also slows the emptying of the stomach and may decrease appetite and cause weight loss.
Effects of liraglutide (GLP‐1 receptor agonist) – Efficacy and Adverse Effects Liraglutide causes a glucose dependent stimulation of insulin secretion, reduction in plasma glucagon concentrations, delayed gastric emptying, appetite suppression via neuronal pathways, and decreased hepatic glucose production.
COMMON side effects
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